从“高晓松醉驾案”谈“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题/徐勇
作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-04 10:55:27 浏览:9438
来源:法律资料网
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从“高晓松醉驾案”谈“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题
最近，因“危险驾驶罪”是否一律入罪的问题，包括人民日报、京华时报、检察日报、新浪网在内的多家媒体竞相报导，而包括法官、法学教授、律师及普通网民在内的各群体的看法也可谓是“百家争鸣”。前不久，笔者也特意写了一篇博文《驳“最高人民法院副院长张军：正确把握危险驾驶罪构成条件”》，以阐述笔者对此问题的看法。该博文部分观点随后被有关媒体引用。笔者对于“危险驾驶罪”是否一律入罪的问题不再赘述，现主要阐述“因醉酒驾驶问题涉嫌的‘危险驾驶罪’中存在的共犯（本文中“共犯”均指“共同犯罪”）问题”。
所谓“共同犯罪”，是指二人以上共同故意犯罪，即各个共同犯罪人在参加共同犯罪时，不论其分工如何，参与程度如何，所有共同犯罪人的行为总是有机联系的，在整个犯罪的链条中，这些行为都是必不可少的环节。如实行行为与教唆行为或帮助行为等构成的共同犯罪。
现结合高晓松醉驾案进行分析：
一、假设与高晓松一起喝酒的朋友A先生在明知高晓松开车前来时主动劝其喝酒，且在高晓松准备开车回家时未加以阻止，从而发生被判“危险驾驶罪”的情况下，A先生是否构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题。
笔者认为，A先生构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯。其劝酒行为应该属于高晓松“危险驾驶罪”的帮助行为，属于帮助犯。帮助行为，是指为其他共同犯罪人实行犯罪创造便利条件，在共同犯罪中起次要或辅助作用的行为。
首先，从主观方面分析，A先生明知高晓松开车前来，也应知高晓松有开车回去的可能而劝其喝酒，并在明知高晓松驾车回家的情况下未加以阻止，从而放任了其危险驾驶罪的发生，在刑法理论上可以称之为“间接故意”。间接故意是指行为人明知自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果，并且有意放任，以致发生这种结果的心理态度。间接故意的认识因素是指行为人认识到自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果，而不包括认识到自己的行为必然发生危害社会的结果。因为放任是以行为人认识到危害结果具有可能发生也可能不发生这种或然性为前提的，如果行为人已认识到自己的行为必然发生危害结果而又决意实施的，则根本不存在放任的可能，其主观意志只能是属于希望结果的发生的直接故意。
其次，从客观方面分析，A先生确实实施了劝酒行为，并对高晓松醉酒驾车行为起到了一个推动或者帮助的作用，且在其醉酒驾车时未及时阻止，置该醉酒驾车行为处于一个危险的状态。
再次，从犯罪客体方面分析，A先生所帮助的实行行为（即高晓松的醉酒驾驶行为）所侵犯的客体为公共安全（公共安全是指不特定多人的生命、健康或者重大公私财产的安全）。
综上分析，A先生构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯，但由于A先生在该共同犯罪中起次要或者辅助性的作用，属于从犯，根据刑法第27条第2款规定：“对于从犯，应当从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。”
二、假设高晓松的朋友B先生做东请高晓松等二、三个好友一起喝酒，但B先生并未劝酒，只是在高晓松醉酒之后将其送上车或者目送其开车回家，B先生的行为是否构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题。
笔者认为，B先生也应构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯。
理由为：B先生在客观上为高晓松的醉酒行为提供了帮助，而且喝酒的人数少，B先生应尽到注意的义务。而B先生在明知或应知高晓松醉酒的情况下开车会发生危害公共安全的犯罪行为（即会触犯“危险驾驶罪”）而未加阻止或将其送上车，说明B先生在主观上应当知道这种犯罪行为会发生但却放任（或希望）这种犯罪行为发生，主观上存在直接或者间接的故意。
结束语：
中国的酒文化博大精深，俗话说：“无酒不成席”。但是笔者认为：无酒虽不成席，但因为喝酒开车丢了性命或者使他人丢了性命，那都是让亲人痛不欲生的事情。正所谓“司机一滴酒，亲人一滴泪”。
醉酒驾车是否一律入罪，如今已成为大家谈论的焦点。那么我现在想提醒的是：请勿将醉酒驾车的责任让驾驶者一个人扛着，如果您是他的朋友，在他喝酒时您就应该及时制止，或者在他喝醉酒开车时也要极力制止。不管您是否真的会构成犯罪，但他毕竟是您的朋友。
作者：北京市博颢律师事务所 徐勇律师
联系电话：18701686873
最近，因“危险驾驶罪”是否一律入罪的问题，包括人民日报、京华时报、检察日报、新浪网在内的多家媒体竞相报导，而包括法官、法学教授、律师及普通网民在内的各群体的看法也可谓是“百家争鸣”。前不久，笔者也特意写了一篇博文《驳“最高人民法院副院长张军：正确把握危险驾驶罪构成条件”》，以阐述笔者对此问题的看法。该博文部分观点随后被有关媒体引用。笔者对于“危险驾驶罪”是否一律入罪的问题不再赘述，现主要阐述“因醉酒驾驶问题涉嫌的‘危险驾驶罪’中存在的共犯（本文中“共犯”均指“共同犯罪”）问题”。
所谓“共同犯罪”，是指二人以上共同故意犯罪，即各个共同犯罪人在参加共同犯罪时，不论其分工如何，参与程度如何，所有共同犯罪人的行为总是有机联系的，在整个犯罪的链条中，这些行为都是必不可少的环节。如实行行为与教唆行为或帮助行为等构成的共同犯罪。
现结合高晓松醉驾案进行分析：
一、假设与高晓松一起喝酒的朋友A先生在明知高晓松开车前来时主动劝其喝酒，且在高晓松准备开车回家时未加以阻止，从而发生被判“危险驾驶罪”的情况下，A先生是否构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题。
笔者认为，A先生构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯。其劝酒行为应该属于高晓松“危险驾驶罪”的帮助行为，属于帮助犯。帮助行为，是指为其他共同犯罪人实行犯罪创造便利条件，在共同犯罪中起次要或辅助作用的行为。
首先，从主观方面分析，A先生明知高晓松开车前来，也应知高晓松有开车回去的可能而劝其喝酒，并在明知高晓松驾车回家的情况下未加以阻止，从而放任了其危险驾驶罪的发生，在刑法理论上可以称之为“间接故意”。间接故意是指行为人明知自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果，并且有意放任，以致发生这种结果的心理态度。间接故意的认识因素是指行为人认识到自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果，而不包括认识到自己的行为必然发生危害社会的结果。因为放任是以行为人认识到危害结果具有可能发生也可能不发生这种或然性为前提的，如果行为人已认识到自己的行为必然发生危害结果而又决意实施的，则根本不存在放任的可能，其主观意志只能是属于希望结果的发生的直接故意。
其次，从客观方面分析，A先生确实实施了劝酒行为，并对高晓松醉酒驾车行为起到了一个推动或者帮助的作用，且在其醉酒驾车时未及时阻止，置该醉酒驾车行为处于一个危险的状态。
再次，从犯罪客体方面分析，A先生所帮助的实行行为（即高晓松的醉酒驾驶行为）所侵犯的客体为公共安全（公共安全是指不特定多人的生命、健康或者重大公私财产的安全）。
综上分析，A先生构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯，但由于A先生在该共同犯罪中起次要或者辅助性的作用，属于从犯，根据刑法第27条第2款规定：“对于从犯，应当从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。”
二、假设高晓松的朋友B先生做东请高晓松等二、三个好友一起喝酒，但B先生并未劝酒，只是在高晓松醉酒之后将其送上车或者目送其开车回家，B先生的行为是否构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题。
笔者认为，B先生也应构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯。
理由为：B先生在客观上为高晓松的醉酒行为提供了帮助，而且喝酒的人数少，B先生应尽到注意的义务。而B先生在明知或应知高晓松醉酒的情况下开车会发生危害公共安全的犯罪行为（即会触犯“危险驾驶罪”）而未加阻止或将其送上车，说明B先生在主观上应当知道这种犯罪行为会发生但却放任（或希望）这种犯罪行为发生，主观上存在直接或者间接的故意。
结束语：
中国的酒文化博大精深，俗话说：“无酒不成席”。但是笔者认为：无酒虽不成席，但因为喝酒开车丢了性命或者使他人丢了性命，那都是让亲人痛不欲生的事情。正所谓“司机一滴酒，亲人一滴泪”。
醉酒驾车是否一律入罪，如今已成为大家谈论的焦点。那么我现在想提醒的是：请勿将醉酒驾车的责任让驾驶者一个人扛着，如果您是他的朋友，在他喝酒时您就应该及时制止，或者在他喝醉酒开车时也要极力制止。不管您是否真的会构成犯罪，但他毕竟是您的朋友。
作者：北京市博颢律师事务所 徐勇律师
联系电话：18701686873
下载地址: 点击此处下载
警惕“委托代办邮政业务”之规定被曲解和滥用
---社会聚焦 以案说法
近期，我们不断收到一些有关劳动权益被不当侵害的法律求助电话或邮件信息，其中山东省东营市垦利县王某、陈某、李某、盖某等人反映该县邮政局侵害其合法劳动权益案件最为典型。该案件涉及《劳动法》和《邮政法》等不同领域的法律、法规或政策之规定，尤其是涉及“委托代办邮政业务”和“劳动法律关系确立”两方面的法律问题最令人关注。下面我们试图从法律分析角度对此类问题做些阐述，以期引起广大公众和社会同仁们的关注。
案情简介
自1985年始，王某、陈某、李某、盖某等人先后以“农民工”或“临时合同工”身份进入山东省东营市垦利县邮电局工作，目前这些人的工作年限都在10年以上，有的甚至超过20年。在工作期间，他们都表现非常出色，有的连续多年获得市县级邮电系统“先进生产者”、“技术能手”、“优秀工作者”等荣誉称号，有的还被任命为“投发中心主任”、“支局局长”等职位。自1998年9月份，依据国家邮电系统改革方案，垦利县邮政和电信业务分离，他们根据原先所从事的业务或工种被分划到邮政或电信不同的单位。期间，他们依然同以前一样须接受单位的工作考核、职务任免、奖惩等管理和工作安排，他们同单位其他员工一样拥有员工工作卡、工作服，从单位按月领取报酬（但报酬差别较大）。2004年3月份，因他们其中一位同事与单位发生劳动争议，他们才知道他们各自曾在1997年签字过的委托代办邮电协议书不是劳动合同，单位现不承认与他们之间存在劳动法律关系。于是，他们认为自己的合法劳动权益遭到侵害，决心通过仲裁或诉讼途径，运用法律来维护他们的权益。
但该案劳动争议仲裁和法院判决的结果是：1、确认王某、陈某、李某、盖某等在1997年12月份以前与单位存在事实劳动关系，但其所主张劳动权益因过仲裁或诉讼时效而不予保护；2、确认王某、陈某、李某、盖某等在1997年12月份以后因与单位签署过委托代办协议，其工作性质属于为单位提供劳务，双方不存在劳动法律关系。
当地劳动争议仲裁和法院确认该“委托代办”协议不属于劳动合同的法律依据是1986年12月份公布实施的《中华人民共和国邮政法》第八条第二款规定，即“邮政企业根据需要可以委托其他单位或个人代办邮政企业专营的业务。代办人员办理邮政业务时，适用本法关于邮政工作人员的规定”。原邮电部1990年11月12日公布实施的《中华人民共和国邮政法实施细则》第五条也规定“邮政企业委托其他单位或个人代办邮政业务时，应当协商一致，并签订代办合同”。
法律评析
本案件看似简单，但因涉及社会制度、国家法律法规变革及社会利益重新分配等方面问题，实则异常复杂。双方在此案中似乎都能找到国家法律依据或支持，那么，到底孰是孰非？下面我们就此中的法律问题略做一下评析。
首先，我们必须承认，劳动权是关乎公民基本生活或生存的权益，是宪法赋予公民的一项基本权利。公民合法的劳动权益应受包括《劳动法》在内的各项法律制度保护，其他各项法律法规如与保护公民基本劳动权利的法律法规冲突，有关部门应当及时对其作出修改或废止。1995年国家公布施行《劳动法》，要求企事业单位逐步推行全员劳动合同制，邮电企业也不能例外，而且大多邮政企业也已经推行了全员劳动合同制（见1995年3月9日原邮电部颁布的《邮电企业全面实行劳动合同制暂行办法》）。显然，从法律所体现或保障的价值取向上看，劳动法与邮政法相较，劳动法应位于更高的法律位阶；从颁布时间不同的法律规定相冲突角度讲，颁布在后的法律效力应当强于颁布在先的法律效力。也就是说，本案《邮政法》关于委托代办邮政业务的规定，不能被随意曲解，更不能被赋予高于《劳动法》的法律效力，被个别邮政企业当作继续利用廉价农民工或临时工从事邮政业务，用作“甩包袱”、规避其与员工之间劳动法律关系的一种手段。
其次，“契约自由”的合同法基本原则应当得到遵守，但亦不能被任意滥用，还应当受“意思自治”的合同法基本原则制约。即任何人、任何单位都不得利用“契约自由”之原则通过欺诈或胁迫等手段与另一方订立非其自愿、非符合其意思本意之类的合同或协议，从而达到损害另一方合法权益、为自己谋取利益的行为。具体到本案而言，邮政企业在依法同委托代办人员订立委托代办邮政业务协议时，必须征求代办人员的同意，必须告之代办人员并在协议中明确约定委托代办协议不属于劳动合同；并且对符合应该订立劳动合同而不符合与其订立委托代办协议条件的原企业内部员工，不应当同其订立该类委托代办性质的协议。否则，邮政企业便有欺诈或胁迫之嫌，这样订立的协议自然不应当具有法律效力，当不受国家法律保护。
再次，从《邮政法》关于“委托代办邮政业务”规定的立法本意讲，委托代办邮政业务是为了发展邮政业务的需要，而不是任何邮政业务都可需要代办的硬性规定或用于企业甩包袱等其他目的之需要。“委托代办邮政业务”应当具有以下法律特征：1、委托方和受托方订立委托代办的书面协议，以明确双方权利义务法律关系。2、代办业务或事项应当是具体的、明确的，而且是企业员工无法完成或没有必要由企业员工专门负责完成的事项，如邮政企业委托偏远地区某企业向其员工送信、征订报刊等。3、代办方应当是邮政企业外单位或个人，如某厂矿企业或某村民，同时代办业务不属于代办方的经营业务范围或专门工作职责事项。4、代办方如是个人，其工作地点不能与邮政企业内部员工设在一处，即其不受邮政企业领导管理和企业各项劳动规章制度的约束，其获取的酬金（代办费）数额必须在委托代办协议中明确约定等。只有同时符合上述要件，委、代双方才可构成“委托代办邮政业务”的法律关系。
最后，判断或认定双方形成的具体合同的法律关系性质，应依据合同的具体内容和实际履行状况来判定，而不能仅凭各方订立的合同或协议的名称来认定。本案王某、陈某、李某、盖某等人虽同单位订立过委托代办邮政业务的协议，但从协议的实际内容和各方实际义务履行情况来看，明显不符合委托代办邮政业务的条件、法律性质或特征。因为：1、代办方所从事的劳动是邮政企业业务的重要组成部分。2、代办方接受邮政企业各项考勤、工作技能考核、职务任免、奖惩管理和工作安排等各项劳动用工制度的约束。3、从形式上，代办人员和邮政企业正式员工所从事的工作完全一样，并且一样拥有员工上岗证、工作卡、工作服，从单位领取报酬（但报酬差别较大）等。即本案中，代办人员所从事邮政业务的工作性质与形成事实劳动法律关系完全竞合。依据《劳动和社会保障部（2005）12号》内容，本案代办人员和邮政企业之间显然符合形成劳动法律关系的情形，即通过“委托代办邮政业务的协议书”本身不能确认双方之间就是提供劳务的委托代办法律关系，从而否认双方之间形成的事实劳动法律关系。
透过以上对案件所涉及的重要法律问题的分析，我们应不难意识到：《邮政法》关于“委托代办邮政业务”的规定在现实中存在被个别邮政企业曲解或滥用的可能性，而正确理解和应用法律对维护公民合法劳动权益是何等的重要！本文在此提醒有关从事邮政代办业务的工作人员注意：在同邮政企业订立委托代办协议时，要谨防你的正当合法劳动权益遭到侵害。本文在此呼吁有关立法部门和社会同仁深刻分析《邮政法》此“委托代办邮政业务”规定的适用对象或范围是否明确、目前是否有继续存在的必要性、合理性和正当性等问题。同时，我们更期待着立法机关及早考虑对此类涉及公民基本权利、极易被曲解或滥用、从而不利于社会和谐安定的法律规定进行修改或废止！（作者系北京市优仕联律师事务所律师）
Hong Kong
TRADE DESCRIPTIONS ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 362)
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
pecial provisions applicable to goldware
arking orders
nformation to be given in advertisements
II FALSE TRADE DESCRIPTIONS OR REPRESENTATIONS AND FORGED
TRADE
S
pplying a trade description, trade mark or mark to goods
ffences in respect of trade descriptions
rade descriptions used in advertisements
ffences in respect of trade marks
False representations as to Royal approval or award. etc.
False representations as to supply of goods
Prohibited import and export of certain goods
Power to exempt goods sold for export
III ENFORCEMENT
Appointment of authorized officers
Power to enter premises and inspect and seize goods and documents
Restrictions on the entry and search of domestic premises
Power to detain goods by locking or sealing premises or container
Powers of arrest of authorized officers
Disclosure of information, etc.
Offences of obstruction and disclosure of information
Penalties
Time limit for prosecutions
Offences by corporations
Offences due to fault of other person
Accessory to offences committed outside Hong Kong
Samples
Evidence by certificate
Rule of evidence regarding imported goods with false trade
ription
Description of trade mark in pleading
Defence mistake, accident, etc.
Innocent publication of advertisements
Costs in proceedings
Power to make orders with respect to property in possession of
the
n
Forfeiture and disposal of certain goods
[Repealed]
IV MISCELLANEOUS
Trade marks containing trade descriptions
Definition Orders
Saving for civil rights
Compensation for loss of goods seized under section 15 (1) (f)
Whole document
rohibit false trade descriptions, false marks and
misstatements in
ect of goods provided in the course of trade; to confer
power to
ire information or instruction relating to goods to be marked on
or to
mpany the goods or to be included in advertisements; to prohibit
the
thorized use of devices or emblems signifying an award by the
Queen or
Governor; to restate the law relating to forgery of trade marks;
and
purposes connected therewith.
pril 1981.]
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title.
Ordinance may be cited as the Trade Descriptions Ordinance.
nterpretation.
In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
ertisement" includes a catalogue, a circular and a price list;
horized officer" means a public officer appointed under section
14;
missioner" means the Commissioner of Customs and Excise and any
Deputy
ssistant Commissioner of Customs and Excise; (Added, L. N.
294/82)
vention country" has the meaning assigned to it by section 13A
(6) of
Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap. 43.);
se trade description" means--
a trade description which is false to a material degree;
a trade description which, though not false, is misleading, that
is to
likely to be taken for such an indication of any of the
matters
ified in the definition of "trade description" as would be false
to a
rial degree;
anything which, though not a trade description, is likely to be
taken
an indication of any of the matters specified in the
definition of
de description" and, as such an indication, would be false
to a
rial degree;
a false indication, or anything likely to be taken as an
indication
h would be false, that any goods comply with a standard specified
or
gnized by any person or implied by the approval of any person if
there
o such person or no standard so specified, recognized or implied;
or
a false indication, or anything likely to be taken as an
indication
h would be false, that any goods of any class or type--
being goods in respect of which duty is payable under the laws
of Hong
, are supplied free of the duty so payable in respect of that class
or
of goods; or
not being goods in respect of which duty is payable under the laws
of
Kong, are supplied free of the duty so payable;
ds" includes vessel and aircraft. things attached to land and
growing
s; "goods in transit" means goods which--
are brought into Hong Kong solely for the purpose of taking them
out
ong Kong; and
remain at all times in or on the vessel, aircraft or vehicle in
or on
h they are brought into Hong Kong;
ort" means to bring, or cause to be brought, into Hong Kong;
mises" includes any place and any stall, vehicle, vessel or
aircraft;
de description" means an indication, direct or indirect,
and by
ever means given, of any of the following matters with respect
to any
s or parts of goods, that is to say--
quantity (which includes length, width, height, area,
volume,
city, weight, and number), size or gauge;
method of manufacture. production, processing or reconditioning;
composition;
fitness for purpose, strength, performance, behaviour or
accuracy;
any physical characteristics not included in the preceding
paragraphs;
testing by any person and results thereof;
approval by any person or conformity with a type approved
by any
on;
place or date of manufacture , production,
processing or
nditioning;
person by whom manufactured, produced, processed or
reconditioned;
other history, including previous ownership or use;
de mark" means--
a trade mark relating to goods registered in Hong Kong under the
Trade
s Ordinance (Cap. 43.);
a trade mark registered in the register of trade marks kept under
or
erved by the Trade Marks Act 1938;
a trade mark--
registered, or in respect of which an application for
registration has
made, in a British territory or a Convention country; and
capable of registration in Hong Kong under the Trade Marks
Ordinance
trade mark relating to goods, and
) in respect of which a period of 6 months has not expired since
the
of the application for the registration thereof in a
British
itory or a Convention country.
(a) For the purposes of this Ordinance, goods shall be deemed to
have
--
manufactured in the country in which they last underwent a
treatment
rocess which changed permanently and substantially the shape,
nature,
or utility of the basic materials used in their manufacture; or
produced in the country in which they were wholly grown or mined.
The Commissioner may by order specify--(Amended, L. N. 294/82)
in relation to any description of goods, what treatment or process
is
e regarded for the purposes of this Ordinance as resulting
or not
lting in a permanent and substantial change in shape, nature, form
or
ity of the basic materials used in their manufacture;
in relation to any description of goods different parts of which
were
factured or produced in different countries, or of goods
assembled in
untry different from that in which their parts were
manufactured or
uced, in which of those countries the goods are to be regarded
for the
oses of this Ordinance as having been manufactured or produced.
This subsection shall not apply to goods which are the subject
of a
ce published under subsection (2A).
The Director-General of Trade may by notice in the Gazette specify
in
tion to any description of goods (being goods that are subject
to a
me of import or export control specified in the notice) the place
in
h the goods are to be regarded for the purposes of this Ordinance
as
ng been manufactured or produced, and any such goods shall, for
the
oses of this Ordinance, be deemed to have been
manufactured or
uced in such place. (Added 96 of 1991, s. 2)
For the purposes of this Ordinance, a trade description or
statement
ished in any newspaper, book or periodical or in any film or sound
or
vision broadcast shall not be deemed to be a trade description
applied
tatement made in the course of a trade or business unless it
is or
s part of an advertisement.
pecial provisions applicable to goldware.
Notwithstanding the definition of "false trade description" in
section
trade description which indicates the fineness (whether in parts
per
sand or in carats) of gold shall be a false trade description if
that
cation is false to any extend or degree, except by understating
the
ness.
For the purpose of construing descriptions relating to the
fineness of
--
a description indicating that an article, or the metal in an
article,
o many carats shall be presumed to be an indication that the
article
etal is of gold, and that its fineness is that specified in the
table
he Schedule for that number of carats;
paragraph (a) shall not apply if (as in a case where the article
is a
ious stone) the word "carat" is used as a measure of
weight for
ious stones, and not as a measure of fineness.
Notwithstanding the definition of "false trade description" in
section
a trade description which indicates that any article (other
than an
cle of pure gold) is of gold shall be a false trade description
unless
article consists solely of gold alloy and--
contains not less than 8 carats of gold; or
bears a mark clearly indicating in carats, by number or by number
and
letters "k", "c" or "ct", the fineness of the gold content; or
) bears a mark clearly indicating in parts per thousand the
fineness
he gold content; and
a mark calculated to be taken as an indication of the fineness
of gold
n article--
which is plated with or enclose in gold alloy or gilded; or
to which gold alloy is soldered or otherwise affixed, shall
be a
e trade description unless it is manifest from the appearance of
the
cle that the mark refers solely to the part of the article
which
ists of gold alloy.
Any number of 1 or 2 digits on an article which indicates or
purports
ndicate, or is likely to be taken as an indication of, the fineness
in
ts of its gold content shall be a false trade description unless
the
cle contains at least the same proportion of pure gold as the
number
s to 24.
Any number of 3 digits on an article which indicates or
purports to
cate, or is likely to be taken as an indication of, the fineness
in
er of parts per thousand of its gold content shall be a false
trade
ription unless the article contains gold of such a
standard of
ness.
For the purposes of this section "fineness" means the
proportion of
gold in accordance with subsection (4) or the number of
parts by
ht of gold in accordance with subsection (5) as the case may
require.
arking orders.
The Governor in Council may by order require that any goods
specified
he order shall be marked with or accompanied by any information
ther or not amounting to or including a trade
description) or
ruction relating to the goods and, subject to the provisions of
this
nance, impose requirements for securing that the goods are so
marked
ccompanied, and regulate or prohibit the supply of goods with
respect
hich the requirements are not complied with; and the requirements
may
nd to the form and manner in which the information or instruction
is
e given.
Where an order under this section is in force with respect to goods
of
description, any person who, in the course of any trade or
business,
lies or offers to supply goods of that description in
contravention of
order commits an offence.
An order under this section may make different provision for
different
umstances and may, in the case of goods supplied in
circumstances
e the information or instruction required by the order would
not be
eyed until after delivery, required the whole or part thereof
to be
displayed near the goods.
nformation to be given in advertisements.
The Governor in Council may by order require that any
description of
rtisements of any goods specified in the order shall contain or
refer
information (whether or not amounting to or including
a trade
ription) relating to such goods and subject to the provisions of
this
nance impose requirements as to the inclusion of that
information or
n indication of the means by which it may be obtained.
An order under this section may specify the form and manner in
which
such information or indication is to be included in
advertisements of
description and may make different provision for
different
umstances.
Where an advertisement of any goods to be supplied in the
course of
trade or business fails to comply with any requirement imposed
under
section, any person who publishes the advertisement
commits an
nce.
PART II FALSE TRADE DESCRIPTIONS OR REPRESENTATIONS AND
FORGED TRADE MARKS
pplying a trade description, trade mark or mark to goods.
A person applies a trade description or trade mark or mark to goods
if
affixes or annexes it to or in any manner marks it on or
incorporates
ith--
the goods themselves; or
anything in, on or with which the goods are supplied;
places the goods in, on or with anything which the trade
description
rade mark or mark has been affixed or annexed to, marked
on or
rporated with, or places any such thing with the goods;
uses the trade description or trade mark or mark in any manner
likely
e taken as referring to the goods; or
makes in any affidavit, declaration or writing any statement
to the
ct that a trade description or trade mark or mark is applicable
to the
s.
An oral statement may amount to the use of a trade
description or
e mark or mark.
Where goods are supplied in pursuance of a request in which a
trade
ription or trade mark or mark is used and the circumstances are
such
o make it reasonable to infer that the goods are supplied as
goods
esponding to that trade description or trade mark or mark, the
person
lying the goods shall be deemed to have applied that trade
description
rade mark or mark to the goods.
ffences in respect of trade descriptions.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who--
in the course of any trade or business--
applies a false trade description to any goods; or
supplies or offers to supply any goods to which a false
trade
ription is applied; or
has in his possession for sale or for any purpose of
trade or
facture any goods to which a false trade description is
applied.
its an offence.
A person exposing goods for supply or having goods in his
possession
supply shall be deemed to offer to supply them.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance any person who
disposes of
as in his possession any die, block, machine, or other instrument
for
purpose of making, or applying to goods a false trade
description
its an offence unless he proves that he acted without
intent to
aud.
rade descriptions used in advertisements.
The following provisions of this section shall have effect where
in an
rtisement a trade description is used in relation to any
class of
s.
The trade description shall be taken as referring to all goods
of the
s, whether or not in existence at the time the
advertisement is
ished--
for the purpose of determining whether an offence has been
committed
r section 7 (1) (a) (i); and
where goods of the class are supplied or offered to be supplied
by a
on publishing or displaying the advertisement, also for the
purpose of
rmining whether an offence has been committed under section 7 (1)
(a)
.
In determining for the purposes of this section whether any goods
are
class to which a trade description used in an advertisement
relates,
rd shall be had not only to the form and content of the
advertisement
also to the time, place, manner and frequency of its publication
and
other matters making it likely or unlikely that a person to whom
the
s are supplied would think of the goods as belonging to the class
in
tion to which the trade description is used in the advertisement.
ffences in respect of trade marks.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who--
forges any trade mark;
falsely applies to any goods any trade mark or any mark so
nearly
mbling a trade mark as to be calculated to deceive;
makes any die, block, machine or other instrument for the
purpose of
ing, or of being used for forging, a trade mark;
disposes of or has in his possession any die, block, machine or
other
rument for the purpose of forging a trade mark; or
causes to be done anything referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c)
or
commits an offence unless he proves that he acted without intent
to
aud.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who
sells or
ses or has in his possession for sale or for any purpose of trade
or
facture, any goods to which any forged trade mark is applied,
or to
h any trade mark or mark so nearly resembling a trade mark as
to be
ulated to deceive is falsely applied, commits an offence.
For the purposes of this section, a person shall be deemed--
to forge a trade mark who either--
without the assent of the proprietor of the trade mark, makes
that
e mark or a mark so nearly resembling that trade mark as
to be
ulated to deceive; or
falsifies any genuine trade mark, whether by alteration,
addition,
cement or otherwise;
falsely to apply to goods a trade mark who without the assent of
the
---社会聚焦 以案说法
近期，我们不断收到一些有关劳动权益被不当侵害的法律求助电话或邮件信息，其中山东省东营市垦利县王某、陈某、李某、盖某等人反映该县邮政局侵害其合法劳动权益案件最为典型。该案件涉及《劳动法》和《邮政法》等不同领域的法律、法规或政策之规定，尤其是涉及“委托代办邮政业务”和“劳动法律关系确立”两方面的法律问题最令人关注。下面我们试图从法律分析角度对此类问题做些阐述，以期引起广大公众和社会同仁们的关注。
案情简介
自1985年始，王某、陈某、李某、盖某等人先后以“农民工”或“临时合同工”身份进入山东省东营市垦利县邮电局工作，目前这些人的工作年限都在10年以上，有的甚至超过20年。在工作期间，他们都表现非常出色，有的连续多年获得市县级邮电系统“先进生产者”、“技术能手”、“优秀工作者”等荣誉称号，有的还被任命为“投发中心主任”、“支局局长”等职位。自1998年9月份，依据国家邮电系统改革方案，垦利县邮政和电信业务分离，他们根据原先所从事的业务或工种被分划到邮政或电信不同的单位。期间，他们依然同以前一样须接受单位的工作考核、职务任免、奖惩等管理和工作安排，他们同单位其他员工一样拥有员工工作卡、工作服，从单位按月领取报酬（但报酬差别较大）。2004年3月份，因他们其中一位同事与单位发生劳动争议，他们才知道他们各自曾在1997年签字过的委托代办邮电协议书不是劳动合同，单位现不承认与他们之间存在劳动法律关系。于是，他们认为自己的合法劳动权益遭到侵害，决心通过仲裁或诉讼途径，运用法律来维护他们的权益。
但该案劳动争议仲裁和法院判决的结果是：1、确认王某、陈某、李某、盖某等在1997年12月份以前与单位存在事实劳动关系，但其所主张劳动权益因过仲裁或诉讼时效而不予保护；2、确认王某、陈某、李某、盖某等在1997年12月份以后因与单位签署过委托代办协议，其工作性质属于为单位提供劳务，双方不存在劳动法律关系。
当地劳动争议仲裁和法院确认该“委托代办”协议不属于劳动合同的法律依据是1986年12月份公布实施的《中华人民共和国邮政法》第八条第二款规定，即“邮政企业根据需要可以委托其他单位或个人代办邮政企业专营的业务。代办人员办理邮政业务时，适用本法关于邮政工作人员的规定”。原邮电部1990年11月12日公布实施的《中华人民共和国邮政法实施细则》第五条也规定“邮政企业委托其他单位或个人代办邮政业务时，应当协商一致，并签订代办合同”。
法律评析
本案件看似简单，但因涉及社会制度、国家法律法规变革及社会利益重新分配等方面问题，实则异常复杂。双方在此案中似乎都能找到国家法律依据或支持，那么，到底孰是孰非？下面我们就此中的法律问题略做一下评析。
首先，我们必须承认，劳动权是关乎公民基本生活或生存的权益，是宪法赋予公民的一项基本权利。公民合法的劳动权益应受包括《劳动法》在内的各项法律制度保护，其他各项法律法规如与保护公民基本劳动权利的法律法规冲突，有关部门应当及时对其作出修改或废止。1995年国家公布施行《劳动法》，要求企事业单位逐步推行全员劳动合同制，邮电企业也不能例外，而且大多邮政企业也已经推行了全员劳动合同制（见1995年3月9日原邮电部颁布的《邮电企业全面实行劳动合同制暂行办法》）。显然，从法律所体现或保障的价值取向上看，劳动法与邮政法相较，劳动法应位于更高的法律位阶；从颁布时间不同的法律规定相冲突角度讲，颁布在后的法律效力应当强于颁布在先的法律效力。也就是说，本案《邮政法》关于委托代办邮政业务的规定，不能被随意曲解，更不能被赋予高于《劳动法》的法律效力，被个别邮政企业当作继续利用廉价农民工或临时工从事邮政业务，用作“甩包袱”、规避其与员工之间劳动法律关系的一种手段。
其次，“契约自由”的合同法基本原则应当得到遵守，但亦不能被任意滥用，还应当受“意思自治”的合同法基本原则制约。即任何人、任何单位都不得利用“契约自由”之原则通过欺诈或胁迫等手段与另一方订立非其自愿、非符合其意思本意之类的合同或协议，从而达到损害另一方合法权益、为自己谋取利益的行为。具体到本案而言，邮政企业在依法同委托代办人员订立委托代办邮政业务协议时，必须征求代办人员的同意，必须告之代办人员并在协议中明确约定委托代办协议不属于劳动合同；并且对符合应该订立劳动合同而不符合与其订立委托代办协议条件的原企业内部员工，不应当同其订立该类委托代办性质的协议。否则，邮政企业便有欺诈或胁迫之嫌，这样订立的协议自然不应当具有法律效力，当不受国家法律保护。
再次，从《邮政法》关于“委托代办邮政业务”规定的立法本意讲，委托代办邮政业务是为了发展邮政业务的需要，而不是任何邮政业务都可需要代办的硬性规定或用于企业甩包袱等其他目的之需要。“委托代办邮政业务”应当具有以下法律特征：1、委托方和受托方订立委托代办的书面协议，以明确双方权利义务法律关系。2、代办业务或事项应当是具体的、明确的，而且是企业员工无法完成或没有必要由企业员工专门负责完成的事项，如邮政企业委托偏远地区某企业向其员工送信、征订报刊等。3、代办方应当是邮政企业外单位或个人，如某厂矿企业或某村民，同时代办业务不属于代办方的经营业务范围或专门工作职责事项。4、代办方如是个人，其工作地点不能与邮政企业内部员工设在一处，即其不受邮政企业领导管理和企业各项劳动规章制度的约束，其获取的酬金（代办费）数额必须在委托代办协议中明确约定等。只有同时符合上述要件，委、代双方才可构成“委托代办邮政业务”的法律关系。
最后，判断或认定双方形成的具体合同的法律关系性质，应依据合同的具体内容和实际履行状况来判定，而不能仅凭各方订立的合同或协议的名称来认定。本案王某、陈某、李某、盖某等人虽同单位订立过委托代办邮政业务的协议，但从协议的实际内容和各方实际义务履行情况来看，明显不符合委托代办邮政业务的条件、法律性质或特征。因为：1、代办方所从事的劳动是邮政企业业务的重要组成部分。2、代办方接受邮政企业各项考勤、工作技能考核、职务任免、奖惩管理和工作安排等各项劳动用工制度的约束。3、从形式上，代办人员和邮政企业正式员工所从事的工作完全一样，并且一样拥有员工上岗证、工作卡、工作服，从单位领取报酬（但报酬差别较大）等。即本案中，代办人员所从事邮政业务的工作性质与形成事实劳动法律关系完全竞合。依据《劳动和社会保障部（2005）12号》内容，本案代办人员和邮政企业之间显然符合形成劳动法律关系的情形，即通过“委托代办邮政业务的协议书”本身不能确认双方之间就是提供劳务的委托代办法律关系，从而否认双方之间形成的事实劳动法律关系。
透过以上对案件所涉及的重要法律问题的分析，我们应不难意识到：《邮政法》关于“委托代办邮政业务”的规定在现实中存在被个别邮政企业曲解或滥用的可能性，而正确理解和应用法律对维护公民合法劳动权益是何等的重要！本文在此提醒有关从事邮政代办业务的工作人员注意：在同邮政企业订立委托代办协议时，要谨防你的正当合法劳动权益遭到侵害。本文在此呼吁有关立法部门和社会同仁深刻分析《邮政法》此“委托代办邮政业务”规定的适用对象或范围是否明确、目前是否有继续存在的必要性、合理性和正当性等问题。同时，我们更期待着立法机关及早考虑对此类涉及公民基本权利、极易被曲解或滥用、从而不利于社会和谐安定的法律规定进行修改或废止！（作者系北京市优仕联律师事务所律师）
TRADE DESCRIPTIONS ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
TRADE DESCRIPTIONS ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 362)
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
pecial provisions applicable to goldware
arking orders
nformation to be given in advertisements
II FALSE TRADE DESCRIPTIONS OR REPRESENTATIONS AND FORGED
TRADE
S
pplying a trade description, trade mark or mark to goods
ffences in respect of trade descriptions
rade descriptions used in advertisements
ffences in respect of trade marks
False representations as to Royal approval or award. etc.
False representations as to supply of goods
Prohibited import and export of certain goods
Power to exempt goods sold for export
III ENFORCEMENT
Appointment of authorized officers
Power to enter premises and inspect and seize goods and documents
Restrictions on the entry and search of domestic premises
Power to detain goods by locking or sealing premises or container
Powers of arrest of authorized officers
Disclosure of information, etc.
Offences of obstruction and disclosure of information
Penalties
Time limit for prosecutions
Offences by corporations
Offences due to fault of other person
Accessory to offences committed outside Hong Kong
Samples
Evidence by certificate
Rule of evidence regarding imported goods with false trade
ription
Description of trade mark in pleading
Defence mistake, accident, etc.
Innocent publication of advertisements
Costs in proceedings
Power to make orders with respect to property in possession of
the
n
Forfeiture and disposal of certain goods
[Repealed]
IV MISCELLANEOUS
Trade marks containing trade descriptions
Definition Orders
Saving for civil rights
Compensation for loss of goods seized under section 15 (1) (f)
Whole document
rohibit false trade descriptions, false marks and
misstatements in
ect of goods provided in the course of trade; to confer
power to
ire information or instruction relating to goods to be marked on
or to
mpany the goods or to be included in advertisements; to prohibit
the
thorized use of devices or emblems signifying an award by the
Queen or
Governor; to restate the law relating to forgery of trade marks;
and
purposes connected therewith.
pril 1981.]
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title.
Ordinance may be cited as the Trade Descriptions Ordinance.
nterpretation.
In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
ertisement" includes a catalogue, a circular and a price list;
horized officer" means a public officer appointed under section
14;
missioner" means the Commissioner of Customs and Excise and any
Deputy
ssistant Commissioner of Customs and Excise; (Added, L. N.
294/82)
vention country" has the meaning assigned to it by section 13A
(6) of
Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap. 43.);
se trade description" means--
a trade description which is false to a material degree;
a trade description which, though not false, is misleading, that
is to
likely to be taken for such an indication of any of the
matters
ified in the definition of "trade description" as would be false
to a
rial degree;
anything which, though not a trade description, is likely to be
taken
an indication of any of the matters specified in the
definition of
de description" and, as such an indication, would be false
to a
rial degree;
a false indication, or anything likely to be taken as an
indication
h would be false, that any goods comply with a standard specified
or
gnized by any person or implied by the approval of any person if
there
o such person or no standard so specified, recognized or implied;
or
a false indication, or anything likely to be taken as an
indication
h would be false, that any goods of any class or type--
being goods in respect of which duty is payable under the laws
of Hong
, are supplied free of the duty so payable in respect of that class
or
of goods; or
not being goods in respect of which duty is payable under the laws
of
Kong, are supplied free of the duty so payable;
ds" includes vessel and aircraft. things attached to land and
growing
s; "goods in transit" means goods which--
are brought into Hong Kong solely for the purpose of taking them
out
ong Kong; and
remain at all times in or on the vessel, aircraft or vehicle in
or on
h they are brought into Hong Kong;
ort" means to bring, or cause to be brought, into Hong Kong;
mises" includes any place and any stall, vehicle, vessel or
aircraft;
de description" means an indication, direct or indirect,
and by
ever means given, of any of the following matters with respect
to any
s or parts of goods, that is to say--
quantity (which includes length, width, height, area,
volume,
city, weight, and number), size or gauge;
method of manufacture. production, processing or reconditioning;
composition;
fitness for purpose, strength, performance, behaviour or
accuracy;
any physical characteristics not included in the preceding
paragraphs;
testing by any person and results thereof;
approval by any person or conformity with a type approved
by any
on;
place or date of manufacture , production,
processing or
nditioning;
person by whom manufactured, produced, processed or
reconditioned;
other history, including previous ownership or use;
de mark" means--
a trade mark relating to goods registered in Hong Kong under the
Trade
s Ordinance (Cap. 43.);
a trade mark registered in the register of trade marks kept under
or
erved by the Trade Marks Act 1938;
a trade mark--
registered, or in respect of which an application for
registration has
made, in a British territory or a Convention country; and
capable of registration in Hong Kong under the Trade Marks
Ordinance
trade mark relating to goods, and
) in respect of which a period of 6 months has not expired since
the
of the application for the registration thereof in a
British
itory or a Convention country.
(a) For the purposes of this Ordinance, goods shall be deemed to
have
--
manufactured in the country in which they last underwent a
treatment
rocess which changed permanently and substantially the shape,
nature,
or utility of the basic materials used in their manufacture; or
produced in the country in which they were wholly grown or mined.
The Commissioner may by order specify--(Amended, L. N. 294/82)
in relation to any description of goods, what treatment or process
is
e regarded for the purposes of this Ordinance as resulting
or not
lting in a permanent and substantial change in shape, nature, form
or
ity of the basic materials used in their manufacture;
in relation to any description of goods different parts of which
were
factured or produced in different countries, or of goods
assembled in
untry different from that in which their parts were
manufactured or
uced, in which of those countries the goods are to be regarded
for the
oses of this Ordinance as having been manufactured or produced.
This subsection shall not apply to goods which are the subject
of a
ce published under subsection (2A).
The Director-General of Trade may by notice in the Gazette specify
in
tion to any description of goods (being goods that are subject
to a
me of import or export control specified in the notice) the place
in
h the goods are to be regarded for the purposes of this Ordinance
as
ng been manufactured or produced, and any such goods shall, for
the
oses of this Ordinance, be deemed to have been
manufactured or
uced in such place. (Added 96 of 1991, s. 2)
For the purposes of this Ordinance, a trade description or
statement
ished in any newspaper, book or periodical or in any film or sound
or
vision broadcast shall not be deemed to be a trade description
applied
tatement made in the course of a trade or business unless it
is or
s part of an advertisement.
pecial provisions applicable to goldware.
Notwithstanding the definition of "false trade description" in
section
trade description which indicates the fineness (whether in parts
per
sand or in carats) of gold shall be a false trade description if
that
cation is false to any extend or degree, except by understating
the
ness.
For the purpose of construing descriptions relating to the
fineness of
--
a description indicating that an article, or the metal in an
article,
o many carats shall be presumed to be an indication that the
article
etal is of gold, and that its fineness is that specified in the
table
he Schedule for that number of carats;
paragraph (a) shall not apply if (as in a case where the article
is a
ious stone) the word "carat" is used as a measure of
weight for
ious stones, and not as a measure of fineness.
Notwithstanding the definition of "false trade description" in
section
a trade description which indicates that any article (other
than an
cle of pure gold) is of gold shall be a false trade description
unless
article consists solely of gold alloy and--
contains not less than 8 carats of gold; or
bears a mark clearly indicating in carats, by number or by number
and
letters "k", "c" or "ct", the fineness of the gold content; or
) bears a mark clearly indicating in parts per thousand the
fineness
he gold content; and
a mark calculated to be taken as an indication of the fineness
of gold
n article--
which is plated with or enclose in gold alloy or gilded; or
to which gold alloy is soldered or otherwise affixed, shall
be a
e trade description unless it is manifest from the appearance of
the
cle that the mark refers solely to the part of the article
which
ists of gold alloy.
Any number of 1 or 2 digits on an article which indicates or
purports
ndicate, or is likely to be taken as an indication of, the fineness
in
ts of its gold content shall be a false trade description unless
the
cle contains at least the same proportion of pure gold as the
number
s to 24.
Any number of 3 digits on an article which indicates or
purports to
cate, or is likely to be taken as an indication of, the fineness
in
er of parts per thousand of its gold content shall be a false
trade
ription unless the article contains gold of such a
standard of
ness.
For the purposes of this section "fineness" means the
proportion of
gold in accordance with subsection (4) or the number of
parts by
ht of gold in accordance with subsection (5) as the case may
require.
arking orders.
The Governor in Council may by order require that any goods
specified
he order shall be marked with or accompanied by any information
ther or not amounting to or including a trade
description) or
ruction relating to the goods and, subject to the provisions of
this
nance, impose requirements for securing that the goods are so
marked
ccompanied, and regulate or prohibit the supply of goods with
respect
hich the requirements are not complied with; and the requirements
may
nd to the form and manner in which the information or instruction
is
e given.
Where an order under this section is in force with respect to goods
of
description, any person who, in the course of any trade or
business,
lies or offers to supply goods of that description in
contravention of
order commits an offence.
An order under this section may make different provision for
different
umstances and may, in the case of goods supplied in
circumstances
e the information or instruction required by the order would
not be
eyed until after delivery, required the whole or part thereof
to be
displayed near the goods.
nformation to be given in advertisements.
The Governor in Council may by order require that any
description of
rtisements of any goods specified in the order shall contain or
refer
information (whether or not amounting to or including
a trade
ription) relating to such goods and subject to the provisions of
this
nance impose requirements as to the inclusion of that
information or
n indication of the means by which it may be obtained.
An order under this section may specify the form and manner in
which
such information or indication is to be included in
advertisements of
description and may make different provision for
different
umstances.
Where an advertisement of any goods to be supplied in the
course of
trade or business fails to comply with any requirement imposed
under
section, any person who publishes the advertisement
commits an
nce.
PART II FALSE TRADE DESCRIPTIONS OR REPRESENTATIONS AND
FORGED TRADE MARKS
pplying a trade description, trade mark or mark to goods.
A person applies a trade description or trade mark or mark to goods
if
affixes or annexes it to or in any manner marks it on or
incorporates
ith--
the goods themselves; or
anything in, on or with which the goods are supplied;
places the goods in, on or with anything which the trade
description
rade mark or mark has been affixed or annexed to, marked
on or
rporated with, or places any such thing with the goods;
uses the trade description or trade mark or mark in any manner
likely
e taken as referring to the goods; or
makes in any affidavit, declaration or writing any statement
to the
ct that a trade description or trade mark or mark is applicable
to the
s.
An oral statement may amount to the use of a trade
description or
e mark or mark.
Where goods are supplied in pursuance of a request in which a
trade
ription or trade mark or mark is used and the circumstances are
such
o make it reasonable to infer that the goods are supplied as
goods
esponding to that trade description or trade mark or mark, the
person
lying the goods shall be deemed to have applied that trade
description
rade mark or mark to the goods.
ffences in respect of trade descriptions.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who--
in the course of any trade or business--
applies a false trade description to any goods; or
supplies or offers to supply any goods to which a false
trade
ription is applied; or
has in his possession for sale or for any purpose of
trade or
facture any goods to which a false trade description is
applied.
its an offence.
A person exposing goods for supply or having goods in his
possession
supply shall be deemed to offer to supply them.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance any person who
disposes of
as in his possession any die, block, machine, or other instrument
for
purpose of making, or applying to goods a false trade
description
its an offence unless he proves that he acted without
intent to
aud.
rade descriptions used in advertisements.
The following provisions of this section shall have effect where
in an
rtisement a trade description is used in relation to any
class of
s.
The trade description shall be taken as referring to all goods
of the
s, whether or not in existence at the time the
advertisement is
ished--
for the purpose of determining whether an offence has been
committed
r section 7 (1) (a) (i); and
where goods of the class are supplied or offered to be supplied
by a
on publishing or displaying the advertisement, also for the
purpose of
rmining whether an offence has been committed under section 7 (1)
(a)
.
In determining for the purposes of this section whether any goods
are
class to which a trade description used in an advertisement
relates,
rd shall be had not only to the form and content of the
advertisement
also to the time, place, manner and frequency of its publication
and
other matters making it likely or unlikely that a person to whom
the
s are supplied would think of the goods as belonging to the class
in
tion to which the trade description is used in the advertisement.
ffences in respect of trade marks.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who--
forges any trade mark;
falsely applies to any goods any trade mark or any mark so
nearly
mbling a trade mark as to be calculated to deceive;
makes any die, block, machine or other instrument for the
purpose of
ing, or of being used for forging, a trade mark;
disposes of or has in his possession any die, block, machine or
other
rument for the purpose of forging a trade mark; or
causes to be done anything referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c)
or
commits an offence unless he proves that he acted without intent
to
aud.
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, any person who
sells or
ses or has in his possession for sale or for any purpose of trade
or
facture, any goods to which any forged trade mark is applied,
or to
h any trade mark or mark so nearly resembling a trade mark as
to be
ulated to deceive is falsely applied, commits an offence.
For the purposes of this section, a person shall be deemed--
to forge a trade mark who either--
without the assent of the proprietor of the trade mark, makes
that
e mark or a mark so nearly resembling that trade mark as
to be
ulated to deceive; or
falsifies any genuine trade mark, whether by alteration,
addition,
cement or otherwise;
falsely to apply to goods a trade mark who without the assent of
the
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