浅议提高立法质量方略
一、关于审查前置问题探析
从广义角度看，对法的审查是一个动态的过程，从法的颁布实施到法的废止失效全过程在严格意义上讲均处于这种状态。将审查的重点阶段放在立法过程中还是放在法实施以后直接影响到立法的质量。本文所讲的审查是从狭义的角度引用的，源于《立法法》的规定,专指在立法这一特定过程或者阶段即在法公布实施前的审查。
立法法第六十三条第二款、第三款规定，较大的市的人民代表大会及其常务委员会根据本市的具体情况和实际需要，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规和本省、自治区的地方性法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规，报省、自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会批准后施行。省、自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会对报请批准的地方性法规，应当对其合法性进行审查，同宪法、法律、行政法规和本省、自治区的地方性法规不抵触的，应当在四个月内予以批准。省、自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会在对报请批准的较大的市的地方性法规进行审查时，发现其同本省、自治区的人民政府的规章相抵触的，应当作出处理决定。这是立法法中唯一关于审查前置的规定。其他如第八十九条、第九十条规定的都是备案和后置审查制度，是救济程序。对规章的审查程序没有明文规定具体的操作方法，只在第九十二条明确由接受备案的机关自行规定如何审查，这是不妥的。
法一经颁布、实施就会在各自的权限范围之内生效，具有普遍的约束力。一部适当的、无瑕的法能够有效地维护社会的公共权益，促进社会公序良俗的建立，同时也能够充分地保护公民的合法权益。反之，法如果有瑕疵就会影响其权威性，有害于其效能的发挥，有时客观上也对执法者与守法者的权益造成损害。如：盐业管理方面。国务院1990年3月2日颁布实施的《盐业管理条例》和1996年5月27日颁布实施的《食盐专营办法》中均没有规定盐业管理人员可以行使检查权。《行政处罚法》第三十六条规定：除本法第三十三条规定的可以当场作出的行政处罚外，行政机关发现公民、法人或者其他组织有依法应当给予行政处罚的行为的，必须全面、客观、公正地调查，收集有关证据；必要时，依照法律、法规的规定，可以进行检查。江苏省人民代表大会及其常务委员会没有就此制定地方性法规，授予盐业管理人员检查权，（有许多省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会及其常务委员会已经制定了盐业管理方面的地方性法规，如：天津、辽宁、内蒙古、浙江）但江苏省人民政府却以政府令的形式规定盐业管理人员可以行使检查权，属立法法第八十七条中规定的超越权限立法的情形。
最近，我县就发生了一起盐业管理人员因依据省政府令行使检查权而被检察机关立案侦查的案件。在此之前，被检查的人却因涉嫌妨害公务罪被公安机关刑事拘留，后才销案。当然，由于此种现象属立法中存在的问题，很难将责任归咎于哪一个人或哪一个单位，追究有关人员的刑事责任是比较困难的，但是，我们据此可以初识立法质量对执法者、守法者所产生的影响，是立法的尴尬为执法者挖掘了这个陷阱，同时也侵害了守法者的合法权益。所以，提高立法质量的意义并不仅在于立法的本身，而且在于法能为广大守法者所接受并自觉地遵守，执法者依法行事而不会出错。审查是提高立法质量的一个重要方法，立法过程中将审查前置可以有效地提高立法质量。首先，主观上有利于提高立法者的责任感。保证立法质量是立法者的第一要务。立法中存在瑕疵是不可避免的，立法者应尽最大努力予以克服，不能将保证立法质量的责任转嫁给执法者和守法者，由他们来承担因立法质量问题而引起的各种不良法律后果责任。否则，执法者在执法前首先必须对自己的业务法律规范进行全面的审查，再根据《立法法》的规定和法的一般原理判定自己应当执行哪些法和法条，不能执行哪些法和法条，这显然和我国当前执法队伍素质的现状相失衡，也违背了立法的宗旨。其次，客观上有利于提高立法质量。在我国的立法体系中，除法律、行政法规以外，其他法不同程度地均具有一定的部门法、地方法的色彩。为了部门、地方的利益，立法者经常有意或无意的忽视了其他法的规定，而且立法者往往就是受益者，立法者为自己设定权利义务，例如:2002年8月21日教育部第12号令颁布的《学生伤害事故处理办法》当时就受到社会各界人士的质疑,看法各异,有的人表示理解,但更多人认为：一、《办法》规定学校不承担临时监护责任有违法律原则；二、条款过于笼统，忽略了具体情况；三、教育部无权规定民事责任；四、行政约束过多会对司法造成不合理引导，法律制度不完善使得对行政部门缺乏约束；五、《办法》只能作为参考，对办案影响不大。这样的法不经事前审查就颁布实施，其结果是可想而知的。所以，审查前置是必要的程序，是提高立法质量的重要方略。
鉴此，对《立法法》提出如下修改建议：删去第六十三条第二款、第三款，第九十二条。在第五章适用与备案中增设七十八条：行政法规、地方性法规、自治条例和单行条例、规章在公布前应当按照本法第八十九条规定报接受备案的机关进行合法性审查，接受备案的机关应当在受理之日起四个月内予以答复。修改后的条文次序重新依次编排。
二、法的公布查询制度探析
法的公布乃是法的制定之尾，法的实施之初，将法的公布查询制度放在立法阶段进行探讨有其一定的科学性。
立法之现实意义应当体现在守法方面，即法能够为守法者自觉遵守。守法的前提即是懂法，懂法就必须学法，学法又以有法为基础。现行的法律规范浩如烟海，并且处于一个不停地制定、修改、废止的动态过程中，法为人们知悉的广泛性与及时性均受到严重的影响，莫说一个普通公民，就是专业的执法者也常常为此所困挠，有许多法处于找不着、买不到、看不见的状态。不知有法的存在，对守法者来说，当然谈不上遵循，对执法者而言也无法予以严格地执行，法的实施处于临时“真空”境界，有法如无法，违法概率上升是一种当然性的趋势，尤其在那些不违背社会公秩良俗，专业性比较强的领域，这种趋势会表现得比较明显。同时，因法具有时效性，那些“自公布之日起生效”的法律规范以及就同一方面先后有两个不同规定的法律规范，前文规定为违法而后文规定为不违法，或者前文规定为不违法但后文规定为违法，生效日期无形中起到了“分水岭“的作用。在生效之日处理的行为从法律意义上讲应当严格依照法律规范的时效规定和溯及力作出处理，但由于受法的这种宣传、实施的迟滞性影响，有些本不应以违法论处的行为被当作违法行为处理了，有些违法行为被当作非违法行为处理，这有害于法的严肃性与权威性。
所以，建立法的公布查询制度有其自身的必要性和迫切性。国家应当为每个守法者和执法者提供一个能够方便、快捷地找到法的地方。
《立法法》第五十二条、第六十二条、第七十条、第七十七条分别规定了法律，行政法规，地方性法规、自治条例和单行条例，规章的公布方法，即在立法机关的公报和在全国发行、行政区域范围内发行的报纸上刊登，并规定立法机关公报上的法律规范文本为标准文本。这种法的公布程序本身无可厚非，但是他不能解决法的汇编问题，不能提供查询服务，我们不能要求守法者和执法者每个个体去搜集立法机关的公报和这样那样的报纸，剪辑法律规范文本，来建立自己的法律法规数据库，这样做法既不现实，也不科学，即使是某个基层执法机关也缺乏这样的搜集能力和发展空间。鉴于目前法制宣传落实相对滞后的现状，结合网络建设的高速发展态势，建议全国人大常委会和省、自治区人大常委会设立专门机构，专职从事法律规范的汇编工作，建立网站，向全社会免费提供网上访问查询服务。理由如下：
(一)、按照《立法法》的规定，全国人民代表大会常务委员会，省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会是接受备案的机关，其它立法机关制定法律规范必须按照规定层级向上述两级人大常委会报备法律规范文本。同时，更主要的是全国人大常委会既是立法机关，又是法实施的监督机关，省、自治区人大常委会具有相应的职能，由这两级立法机关汇集法律规范，建立网站，提供查询服务有现实的可行性，其它机关因缺乏这个职能，汇集法律规范将十分困难，难以完成这项工作。
(二)、目前，提供网上法律查询服务的服务商为数不少。这些网站或者受法律规范来源渠道的影响，或者因经济利益的驱动，多局限于停留在普法的水准上，法律规范更新慢，数据少，维护不到位，缺乏权威性，有时发现已明文规定失效的法律规范仍然汇集其中，未标明失效字样。出售的法律法规数据库软件也种类各别,均不同程度地带有商业炒作的色彩，存在与法律网站相似的弊端，不能承担起向公民提供免费法律规范查询服务的重任，必须建立官方网站，专人维护，以保证法律规范数据的全面性和变动的及时性。
(三)、省、自治区人大常委会和全国人大常委会建立法律规范查询网站切合《立法法》关于立法权限的规定，同时在人员、资金方面也可以得到充分地保障。
鉴此，建议在《立法法》总则中增加一条：
全国人民代表大会常务委员会和省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会建立法律规范数据库，在互联网上向全体公民免费提供查询服务。
立法机关在法公布前应当报备全国人民代表大会常务委员会和本行政区省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会，录入法律规范数据库。公布时，在机关公报，全国范围内发行或本行政区域范围内发行的报纸上，全国人民代表大会常务委员会与本行政区省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会网站上同时刊登和发布。
射阳县人民法院
王 红
射阳县公安局
李学高
PROTECTION OF WAGES ON INSOLVENCY ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
PROTECTION OF WAGES ON INSOLVENCY ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 380)
CONTENTS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
II PROTECTION OF WAGES ON INSOLVENCY FUND BOARD
stablishment and incorporation of Wages on Insolvency Fund Board
unctions and powers of the Board
oard to be subject to directions of the Governor in Council
III FUND
stablishment of Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund
ayments from the Fund
IV FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
inancial year and estimates
ank account
Investment of moneys
Accounts
Auditors
Statements and reports to be laid on table of Legislative Council
Costs of administering the Fund
V PAYMENT FROM THE FUND
Entitlement to apply for ex gratia payment
Payment
Review by Board
Additional power of Commissioner
Verification of application
Decisions under this Part not to be challenged
Power of Commissioner to delegate
Payment not to affect right to legal aid
Proof by certificate
VI RECOVERY OF PAYMENTS
Subrogation
Recovery of payment made by mistake
VII MISCELLANEOUS
Offences
Regulations
Power of Governor to amend Schedule
Transitional
dule Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund Board
rovide for the establishment of a board to administer the
Protection
ages on Insolvency Fund, to provide for payment of monies from
the
to employees whose employers become insolvent; and for matters
ected therewith or incidental thereto.
April 1985] L. N. 100 of 1985
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Protection of Wages on
Insolvency
nance.
nterpretation
his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
licant" means any person who would, on the winding up of a company,
be
tled to priority under section 265 (1) (b), (c), (ca) or (cc) of
the
anies Ordinance (Cap. 32) or who would, on a bankruptcy, be
entitled
riority under section 38 (1) (b), (c), (ca) or (cc) of the
Bankruptcy
nance (Cap. 6) other than a person whose employer is an individual
and
is a member of the family of that employer and who dwells in the
same
ling as that employer; (Amended 48 of 1987 s. 2; 38 of 1989 s.
2)
kruptcy petition" means a bankruptcy petition under the
Bankruptcy
nance (Cap. 6);
rd" means the Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund Board
established
ection 3;
missioner" means the Commissioner for Labour;
pany" means any body which is liable to be wound up
under the
anies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
ancial year" means the financial year of the Fund fixed under
section
Fund" means the Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund referred
to in
ion 6;
y" has the meaning assigned to it by section 2 of the
Business
stration Ordinance (Cap. 310);
everance payment" means a severance payment payable by an
employer to
mployee under section 31B (1) of the Employment Ordinance (Cap.
57);
laced 45 of 1991 s. 2)
"wages" means wages or salary in respect of
h an applicant would, on the winding up of a company, be entitled
to
rity under section 265 (1) (b) or (c) of the Companies Ordinance
(Cap.
or who would, on a bankruptcy, be entitled to priority under
section
1) (b) or (c) of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6), save
that the
nt specified in section 265 (1) (b) or (c) of the Companies
Ordinance
. 32) or section 38 (1) (b) or (c) of the Bankruptcy Ordinance
(Cap.
as the case may be) as the maximum amount in respect of
which an
icant would be entitled to priority, or any amount
substituted
efor under section 265 (1A) or (1B) of the Companies Ordinance
(Cap.
or (as the case may be) section 38 (2), (2A) or (2B) of the
Bankruptcy
nance (Cap. 6), shall not apply; (Amended 15 of 1993 s. 2)
"wages in lieu of notice" means wages in lieu of notice in respect
of
h an applicant would, on the winding up of a company, be entitled
to
rity under section 265 (1) (cc) of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.
32),
ould, in a bankruptcy, be entitled to priority under section 38
(1)
of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6), save that the amount
specified
ection 265 (1) (cc) of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) or
section 38
(cc) of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) (as the case may be)
as the
mum amount in respect of which an applicant would be
entitled to
rity shall not apply; (Added 48 of 1987 s. 2. Amended 15 of 1993
s. 2)
ding-up petition" means a winding-up petition under Part V or X
of the
anies Ordinance (Cap. 32).
PART II PROTECTION OF WAGES ON INSOLVENCY FUND BOARD
stablishment and incorporation of Wages on Insolvency Fund Board
There is hereby established a board to be known as the Protection
of
s on Insolvency Fund Board and in the Chinese language as which
shall
body corporate.
The Board shall consist of a Chairman appointed under the Schedule
and
more than 10 members appointed by the Governor as follows--
subject to paragraph (b) not more than 4 public officers;
equal numbers of persons who, in his opinion, represent employers
and
ons who, in his opinion, represent employees.
The Governor shall give notice of each appointment by notice in
the
tte.
The Schedule shall have effect with respect to the Board.
unctions and powers of the Board
The Board shall have the following functions--
to administer the Fund;
to make recommendations to the Governor with respect to the
rate of
; and
to perform such other duties as are imposed or other powers as
are
erred on it by this Ordinance.
The Board may do all such things as are necessary for, or
incidental
onducive to, the better carrying out of the functions of the Board
and
in particular, but without prejudice to the generality
of the
going--
hold, acquire or lease all kinds of property whether
movable or
vable;
sell or otherwise dispose of all kinds of property whether movable
or
vable;
subject to section 10, invest its funds in such manner and to
such
nt as it thinks necessary or expedient; and
with the prior consent of the Financial Secretary, borrow
money in
manner and on such securities or terms as it thinks expedient.
oard to be subject to directions of the Governor in Council
Governor in Council may give to the Board such directions as he
thinks
with respect to the exercise of its functions under this Ordinance
and
Board shall comply with any such direction.
PART III FUND
stablishment of Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund
fund known as the Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund
established
r the provisions of section 21 of the Business Registration
Ordinance
. 310) in force immediately before the commencement of this
Ordinance
l be deemed to be established and continue in existence under
this
ion, and shall consist of--
moneys that are paid by the Commissioner of Inland Revenue under
that
ion whether paid before or after the commencement of this
Ordinance;
moneys recovered under Part VI;
interest and other income derived from the moneys and
investments
rising the Fund; and
other moneys lawfully paid into the Fund.
ayments from the Fund
e shall be paid from the Fund the following--
payments to applicants under section 16;
expenses incurred by the Board for the purposes of this Ordinance;
capital, interest and charges in respect of any loan; and
any other sums required or permitted to be paid by the Fund under
this
nance.
PART IV FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
inancial year and estimates
The Board may, from time to time, with the prior approval
of the
rnor, fix a period to be the financial year of the Fund.
In each financial year, before a date to be fixed by the Governor,
the
d shall submit to the Governor, for his approval, estimates
of the
me and expenditure of the Fund for the next financial year:
ided that the estimates for the first financial year of the Fund
shall
ubmitted as soon as practicable after the commencement
of this
nance.
The Governor shall consider the estimates submitted to
him under
ection (2) and may approve or reject them and, in the
case of
ction, may require the Board to resubmit the estimates
modified in
manner and within such time as the Governor may direct.
The Board may, from time to time, vary the estimates approved
under
ection (3) and shall, as soon as practicable, deliver to the
Governor
atement in writing containing details of any variation.
ank account
Board shall open and maintain an account with a bank approved by
the
ncial Secretary and shall pay all moneys of the Fund
into that
unt.
Investment of moneys
moneys of the Fund that are not immediately required by the Board
may
deposited on fixed term or call deposit or in a savings account
in
bank licensed under the Banking Ordinance (Cap. 155); or
with the prior approval of the Financial Secretary, invested in
such
r investments as the Board thinks fit.
Accounts
Board shall--
keep and maintain such accounts and records of all transactions
of the
as the Director of Accounting Services may require; and
after the end of each financial year cause to be prepared a
statement
he accounts of the Fund which shall include an income and
expenditure
unt and balance sheet and shall be signed by the Chairman.
Auditors
The Board shall at the commencement of each financial year
appoint
tors, who shall be entitled to have access to all books of
account,
hers and other records kept by the Board and to
require such
rmation and explanations as they may think fit.
The auditors shall audit the statement of accounts prepared
under
ion 11 and shall report thereon to the Board.
Statements and reports to be laid on table of Legislative Council
The Board shall, within 6 months after the end of each financial
year
uch further time as the Governor may for any particular year
allow,
it to the Governor a report on the activities of the Board for
that
ncial year including copies of the statement of accounts
prepared
r section 11 and the report made under section 12.
The Governor shall cause the reports and statements received
by him
r subsection
to be laid on the table of the Legislative Council.
Costs of administering the Fund
All costs and expenses incurred by the Government in
administering the
shall be a charge upon general revenue.
The Financial Secretary may direct that a supervision fee
to be
rmined by him, in relation to such period as may be determined
by him,
l be charged against the income of the Fund and shall at a
time
rmined by him be paid to him by the Board from the Fund and paid
by
into general revenue.
PART V PAYMENT FROM THE FUND
Entitlement to apply for ex gratia payment
Subject to this Part, an applicant to whom--
wages are due and unpaid;
wages in lieu of notice are due and unpaid; or
the liability to be paid a severance payment has arisen
and the
rance payment is unpaid, whether or not the severance payment is
then
may apply for an ex gratia payment from the Fund in respect of
the
s, wages in lieu of notice or the severance payment, as the case
may
or all or any of them. (Replaced 38 of 1989 s. 3)
An application under subsection (1) (in this Part called an
lication" ) shall be made to the Commissioner in writing in a
form
oved by him. (Amended 48 of 1987 s. 3)
No applicant shall apply for payment from the Fund in respect of
any
s for services rendered before 1 April 1985.
No applicant shall apply for payment from the Fund in respect of
wages
ieu of notice arising out of a contract of employment
terminated
re the commencement of the Protection of Wages on Insolvency
ndment) Ordinance 1987 (48 of 1987). (Added 48 of 1987 s. 3)
No applicant shall apply for payment from the Fund in respect
of a
rance payment the liability for payment of which arose
before the
encement of the Protection of Wages on Insolvency
(Amendment)
nance 1989 (38 of 1989). (Added 38 of 1989 s. 3)
Payment
Subject to subsections (1B) and (2) where it appears
to the
issioner that an employer has failed to pay any wages, wages in
lieu
otice or severance payment, as the case may be, or all or any of
them
n applicant and that--
in the case of an employer who is not a company--
a bankruptcy petition has been presented against him; or
he has committed an act of bankruptcy within the meaning of
section 3
he Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) but a petition cannot be
presented
nst him by reason of section 6 (1) (a) of that Ordinance; or
(Replaced
f 1988 s. 2)
in the case of an employer who is a company, a winding-uppetition
has
presented against that employer,
ay make an ex gratia payment to the applicant out of the Fund of
the
nt of the wages, wages in lieu of notice or severance payment,
as the
may be, or all or any of them.
When the Commissioner makes a payment under subsection (1) (a)
(ii),
hall give notice of the payment and the reasons therefor
in the
tte. (Added 41 of 1988 s. 2)
Where an application has been made in respect of a severance
payment
h is not due at the date of the application, the
Commissioner may
r consideration of the application until the severance payment
becomes
(Added 38 of 1989 s. 4)
The Commissioner shall not make any payment under subsection
(1)--
to the applicant unless the applicant has verified his
application by
atutory declaration in a form approved by the Commissioner;
) of an amount exceeding $18,000 in respect of wages; (Replaced
15 of
s. 3)
) (Repealed 15 of 1993 s. 3)
in respect of wages for services rendered more than 4 months prior
to
date of application;
in respect of wages in lieu of notice--
) of an amount exceeding--
the equivalent of 1 month's wages of the applicant; or
$6,000,
hever is the lesser; or (Amended 15 of 1993 s. 3)
subject to subsection (2A), which became due more than 4 months
prior
he date of application; or (Replaced 38 of 1989 s. 4)
in respect of a severance payment--
of an amount exceeding the aggregate of $8,000 and half of that
part
he applicant's entitlement to severance payment in excess of
$8,000;
Replaced 45 of 1991 s. 3)
the liability for payment of which arose more than 4 months prior
to
date of application. (Added 38 of 1989 s. 4)
Subsection (2) (e) (ii) shall not apply to wages in lieu of
notice
ing out of a contract of employment terminated before the
commencement
he Protection of Wages on Insolvency (Amendment) Ordinance 1989
(38 of
). (Added 38 of 1989 s. 4)
) The Legislative Council may be
lution amend the period specified in subsection (2) (e) (i) (A)
or the
nt specified in subsection (2) (b), (e) (i) (B) or (f) (i).
(Added 48
987 s. 4. Amended 15 of 1993 s. 3)
nded 48 of 1987 s. 4; 38 of 1989 s. 4)
Review by Board
Any applicant aggrieved by any decision of the Commissioner
under
ion 16 may in writing--
request the Commissioner to give reasons for that decision; and
after being given reasons under paragraph (a),
request the
issioner to refer the application to the Board.
Upon receiving a request from an applicant under subsection (1)
(b),
Commissioner shall forward all documents relating to the
application
he Chairman of the Board.
The Board may confirm or vary any decision of the Commissioner
on an
ication referred to it under this section or may for those
purposes
ire the Commissioner to make further inquiries relating
to the
ication.
Additional power of Commissioner
Notwithstanding that in any particular case a petition referred
to in
ion 16 (1) (a) (i) or (b) has not been presented against an
employer,
Commissioner may, subject to subsection (2) of that section,
make an
ratia payment under that section in that case if in his opinion--
nded, 41 of 1988 s. 3)
the employer employs less than 20 employees;
sufficient evidence exists to support the presentation of a
petition
hat case on the ground--
if the employer is a company, that he is unable to pay his debts;
or
if the employer is a person other than a company, that
he has
itted an act of bankruptcy; and
it is unreasonable or uneconomic to present a petition in that
case.
Where the Commissioner exercises his discretion under
subsection (1)
ake payment, he shall give notice in the Gazette stating that,
in his
ion, sufficient evidence exists to support the
presentation of a
tion on the ground--
if the employer is a company, that he is unable to pay his debts;
or
if the employer is a person other than a company, that
he has
itted an act of bankruptcy.
Nothing in subsection (2) shall require the Commissioner to give
more
one notice in respect of each employer.
No action shall lie against the Commissioner in respect of any
notice
n under subsection (2).
Verification of application
For the purpose of verifying any application under section 15,
or if
equired by the Board under section 17 (3), the Commissioner may
不分页显示 总共2页 1 [2]
下一页
