刑事诉讼不起诉性质
刘成江
刑事诉讼法修正案通过后，原有的免予起诉制度不再使用，相关内容纳入不起诉，这就扩大了不起诉的适用范围，以往的不起诉制度的表述及其性质的认定已不能继续沿用。这就需要我们重新界定不起诉的性质。对不起诉的性质，应从以下几方面来理解：
一、不起诉是公诉机关依职权作出的
控诉职能是公诉机关的基本诉讼职能。在刑事诉讼中，公诉机关正是基于控诉职能，对于符合法律规定起诉条件的，依法向法院提出诉讼请求，要求法院通过审判确定被告人犯有某种罪行并给予相应的刑事制裁。显然，公诉机关只有对符合法定起诉条件的才能提起诉讼，其它不符合起诉条件或者没有起诉必要的，公诉机关自然依其职权作出不起诉的决定。这种不起诉决定，台湾学者认为是一种司法处分，属检察机关在控方立场所作不追诉的内部意思决定[1]。笔者认为，不起诉决定是检察机关作为国家公诉机关，基于其控诉职能，对不符合起诉条件或没有起诉必要的案件不予追诉的处分决定。
二、不起诉对案件所作程序上的处分
公诉机关对某一案件作出不起诉的处分，表明公诉机关将不向法院请求进行审判，放弃对犯罪嫌疑人的控诉。实质上是公诉机关依其职权从程序上对案件所作的不予追诉的处分，并非对案件进行实体处分。公诉机关在刑事诉讼中的职能是控诉职能，无权对案件进行实体处分，即公诉机关不能处分当事人的人身和财产。公诉机关作出不起诉决定的案件，如果需要给予被不起诉人行政处罚的，应由公诉机关移交有关主管机关处理，公诉机关有权向行政机关提出检察意见，但其自己不能对被不起诉人进行实体上的处理。不起诉对案件程序上的处理，是基于对案件程序上的认识，但并非实体上的处分，更不能是有罪处理。
三、不起诉意味着刑事诉讼程序的终止
现代刑事诉讼中有一项公认的基本原则，即“不告不理”原则。其基本含义是对未经起诉的刑事案件，法院不得受理和审判，也就是说，法院对刑事案件进行审理必须以起诉为前提，否则就不能对刑事案件进行审判。因此，从一定意义上讲，起诉意味着启动刑事审判程序，使刑事诉讼进入到审判阶段；而不起诉则表明刑事诉讼不进入审判阶段，阻断了刑事诉讼的继续进行，意味着刑事诉讼程序的终止。这也是不起诉决定的直接法律后果。
四、不起诉终止法律效力是相对的
不起诉决定一经作出，就具有终止诉讼的法律效力，诉讼不再继续进行。但不起诉这种终止诉讼的法律效力不是绝对的，而是相对的，诚如台湾学者蔡墩铭、朱石炎所指出，案件虽经不起诉处分，无非追诉权之不行使而已，对于同一案件不过限制其再行起诉而已，该案之起诉权依然存在，并未因而消灭，遇有发现新事实或新证据，或者原处分所凭证物已证明其为伪造或变造，或所凭之证言，鉴定或通译已证明其为虚伪，或所凭之通常法院或特别法院之裁判已经确定裁判变更，或参与侦查之检察官因该案件犯职务上之罪已经证明者，得再行起诉[2]。
不难看出，公诉机关不起诉决定的法律效力和法院生效判决的法律效力是有区别的，法院生效的实体判决，也意味着对诉讼案件程序上的终局性处理，依“一事不再理”原则，对该案件不可再向法院提起诉讼。而公诉机关的不起诉决定，显然不具备既判力的法律效力。因此，对于公诉机关作出不起诉决定的案件，如果有了新的证据或发现新事实，符合法律规定的起诉条件的，公诉机关依职权应撤销原来的不起诉决定，依法向法院提起诉讼。对于有被害人的案件，被害人对不起诉决定不服的，也可以向法院提起诉讼，依此作为一种自诉案件，被害人得以寻求法律上的救济，保护其合法权益。
五、不起诉体现了自由裁量权
新《刑事诉讼法》中，除了在第142条第1款“对犯罪嫌疑人有本法第15条规定的情形之一的”，人民检察院“应当”作出不起诉决定外，在第140条第4款“对于补充侦查的案件，人民检察院仍然认为证据不足，不符合起诉条件的”和第142条第2款“对于情节轻微，依照刑法规定不需要判处刑罚或免除刑罚的”，人民检察院“可以”作出不起诉决定。那么，“可以”作出不起诉决定，意味着人民检察院对于这两种情形的不起诉决定不是必须作出，而是根据一定情况酌定，可以作出，也可以不作出。有的学者将其解释为“酌定不起诉”，把“应当不起诉”称为“法定不起诉”[3]。
通过对不起诉性质的分析，本人认为，不起诉的概念大致可以这样概括：不起诉是指人民检察院对侦查机关移送起诉的案件进行审查后，确认符合法法律规定的终止刑事诉讼的案件，不应或不必对犯罪嫌疑人定罪，从而做出不将案件交付人民法院审判的处理决定。不起诉又分为法定不起诉、证据不足不起诉和酌定不起诉。我国对公诉采取的法定起诉主义为主（指犯罪嫌疑人依法应当被追究刑事责任的检察机关就必须对他起诉），起诉便宜主义为辅的原则（即犯罪嫌疑人依法可以被追究刑事责任，但检察机关有权裁量对他是否起诉），酌定不起诉正是起诉便宜主义的体现，也是法律赋予检察官自由裁量权的反映[4]。（如有转载敬请注明作者）
参考文献
[1] 蔡墩铭.刑事诉讼法.台北：五南图书出版公司，2000：174
[2] 朱石炎.刑事诉讼法.台北：五南图书出版公司，2000：195
[3] 崔敏.中国刑事诉讼的新发展.北京：中国人民公安大学出版社，1996:136
[4] 陈瑞华.程序价值理论的四个模式.中外法学,1996,2:4
作者北安市人民法院刘成江
关于中外合资、合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法(附英文)
国家计委
关于中外合资、合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法(附英文)
1987年10月19日，国家计委
关于中外合资合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法（国务院批准，国家计划委员会1987年10月19日发布）
第一条 根据《国务院关于鼓励外商投资的规定》，为鼓励外商投资兴办先进技术企业，帮助企业解决外汇收支平衡，特制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于能够提供国内需要的先进技术，从事新产品开发，实现产品 升级换代的生产型中外合资经营、合作经营企业（以下简称合资、合作企业）。
第三条 符合下列各项条件的，可申请以产顶进：
一、确属国内需要的技术先进型的合资、合作企业的产品，投产初期，在实现国产化进程中，外汇平衡出现暂时困难的；
二、上述企业生产的产品属于目前和今后几年中央、地方和部门需要进口的；
三、申请以产顶进的产品规格、性能、交货期和技术服务、培训应符合国内用户的需要，产品必须经过国家级产品质量检测中心鉴定，确认达到同类进口商品的质量标准，原则上价格不高于当时的国际市场价格。
第四条 凡要求以产顶进的企业，在申报项目建议书的同时，提出以产顶进的申请。在报送项目可行性研究报告时，必须明确合资、合作企业产品的内外销比例，以及国产化的进度，并对以产顶进的可行性（包括分年顶替进口的产品数量和外汇金额）进行充分论证或评估。
第五条 按分级管理原则，合资、合作企业产品申请以产顶进，分别由中央、地方（部门）两级审批。中央审批的限额以上项目需要以产顶进的，由国家计委审批；地方和部门审批的限额以下项目需要以产顶进的，由地方计委和部门自行审批。
第六条 由国家计委审批的限额以上项目的以产顶进：
一、凡已列入国家批准的中长期中央进口计划的商品，除去对外已签长期贸易协议和必须安排进口的以外，还有可能供以产顶进的，在审批可行性研究报告时，可预批中央进口计划期内的以产顶进。
二、没有列入中长期中央进口计划的商品，原则上不预批以产顶进。但在年度中央进口计划中有这类商品进口且能以产顶进时，企业可向国家计委提出申请，批准后，由经贸部办理只在当年有效的以产顶进手续。
三、没有列入中长期和年度中央进口计划的商品，如当年地方有进口，企业可向地方计委提出申请，经批准后，由地方经贸部门办理以产顶进手续。
第七条 由地方、部门审批的限额以下项目的以产顶进：
一、凡已列入本省、自治区、直辖市的中长期和年度进口计划内可供以产顶进的商品，可由省、自治区、直辖市计委参照中央的审批办法，预批和办理本地区进口计划期内的以产顶进。
二、没有列入本地区中长期或年度计划，但本地区或其他地区有进口的，可实行跨地区的以产顶进。企业可径向进口这一商品的省、自治区、直辖市计委申报，经批准后，由该省、自治区、直辖市经贸部门办理以产顶进手续。
三、部门用自有外汇进口的商品，企业可直接向该部门申请，经同意后，办理以产顶进手续。
第八条 上述经中央和地方计委（或部门）审批同意以产顶进的产品，属于在中长期进口计划内预批的，必须根据当年的进口计划情况，在年度中进一步核定落实。
凡经批准实行以产顶进的产品，国内用户在同等条件下，必须优先选用。
各级进口管理部门和进口审查部门，对合资、合作企业已能生产并符合以产顶进条件的产品，应指导和鼓励国内用户优先采购。
第九条 经批准的以产顶进产品，国内用户采购时，应按双方商定的条件，经国家外汇管理部门批准，向合资、合作企业支付全部或部分外汇。
第十条 机电产品的以产顶进，由国家经委制定并公布以产顶进目录和以产顶进管理办法，指导国内用户优先采购目录内的产品。
凡生产目录内产品的合资、合作企业可以参加中国机电设备招标中心（或经国家经委批准的招标公司）组织的进口机电设备招标，中标的企业，由该中心出具证明，实现以产顶进。
第十一条 合资、合作企业生产以产顶进产品所需进口的料、件，按《对外经济贸易部关于外商投资企业申领出口许可证的实施办法》第四条规定办理进口手续；上述产品供应给国内用户时，按海关总署《中华人民共和国海关对外商投资企业履行产品出口合同所需进口料、件管理办法》第五条规定办理。
第十二条 经批准其产品实行以产顶进的合资、合作企业，必须做到：
一、严格执行合同中规定的出口比例和国产化进程的要求；
二、必须努力使产品的技术性能和质量保持先进水平；
三、按合同规定的数量、时间交货，因交货时间、交货数量和产品质量等问题造成用户经济损失者，要承担相应的经济责任；
四、为用户提供优质服务。
第十三条 合资、合作企业的产品一俟批准以产顶进后，不能再重复将这部分产品纳入国产物资分配计划。
第十四条 本办法由国家计委负责解释。
第十五条 本办法自公布之日起实行。
附件 “七五”计划期间中央进口计划内可以实行以产顶进的商品目录
1、钢材 5、铝 9、木浆
2、生铁 6、锌 10、腈纶
3、木材 7、橡胶 11、锦纶
4、铜 8、化肥 12、人造丝
MEASURES CONCERNING THE SUBSTITUTION OF PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BYCHINESE- FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN CONTRACTUALJOINT VENTURES FOR SIMILAR IMPORTED PRODUCTS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES CONCERNING THE SUBSTITUTION OF PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY
CHINESE- FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN CONTRACTUAL
JOINT VENTURES FOR SIMILAR IMPORTED PRODUCTS
(Approved by the State Council and promulgated by the State Plan-
ning Commission on October 19, 1987)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated in accordance with the Provisions of the
State Council Concerning the Encouragement of Foreign Investment, to
encourage foreign businessmen to invest in setting up technologically -
advanced enterprises, and to help enterprises in achieving a balance
between their foreign exchange earnings and expenditures.
Article 2
These Measures shall apply to Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures and
Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures of a production nature
(hereinafter referred to as joint ventures and contractual ventures) which
can provide advanced technologies China needs and are engaged in the
development of new products, thereby realizing the upgrading of products
and the replacement of old products with new ones.
Article 3
Enterprises with foreign investment that satisfy the following conditions
may apply to substitute their products for similar imported products:
(1) technologically-advanced joint ventures and contractual ventures whose
products are indeed needed in China, and which have, at the initial stage
of production, experienced some temporary difficulties in balancing their
foreign exchange earnings and expenditures in the course of realizing the
replacement of imported products with home-made ones;
(2) the products manufactured by enterprises mentioned above belong to the
categories of products the central departments, the localities and other
departments need to import at present and in the next few years;
(3) products that are recommended as substitutes for similar imported
products shall meet the needs of domestic users in specifications,
properties, the delivery time, technical services and technical training,
and undergo the appraisal conducted by the national testing center for the
quality of products, thereby confirming that the aforesaid products
measure up to the quality standard of similar imported goods; in
principle, the prices of the recommended products shall not be higher than
those of the international market at the time.
Article 4
Enterprises that recommend their products as substitutes for similar
imported goods shall make an application in that connection at the time
when they submit their project proposals. When they submit their project
feasibility study reports, they must state clearly in the reports the
proportion between domestic sales and export sales of the products
manufactured by the joint ventures and contractual ventures and the rate
of progress for the replacement of imported products with home-made ones;
moreover, they shall prove by an ample demonstration or appraise the
feasibility of substituting their products for similar imported ones
(including a statement concerning the annual quantity of their products to
be used to substitute for imported products and annual amount of foreign
exchange to be earned therefrom).
Article 5
Pursuant to the principle of administration at different levels, the
applications for the approval of using the products manufactured by the
joint ventures and contractual ventures to substitute for similar imported
goods shall be examined and approved respectively by the central competent
authorities and the local competent authorities (or departments). If items
above the norm examined and approved by the central competent authorities
need to be recommended as substitutes for similar imported products, the
matter shall be examined and approved by the State Planning Commission;
and the items below the norm examined and approved by the local competent
authorities (or departments) need to be recommended as substitutes for
similar imported products, the matter shall be examined and approved by
the local planning commissions or departments on their own.
Article 6
Import substitution to be effected in the items above the norm to be
examined and approved by the State Economic Planning Commission:
(1) of the goods which have been included in the Central Government's
medium-and long-term import plans approved by the State, except those on
which long-term import agreements have been concluded with foreign
countries, substitution for imports shall be approved in advance within
the Central Government's import plans if it is still possible that some of
the goods to be imported can be substituted with domestically -
manufactured products when the feasibility study reports are examined and
approved;
(2) substitution for goods which have not been included in the Central
Government's medium-and long-term import plans shall, in principle, not be
approved in advance. However, the enterprises may apply to the State
Planning Commission for using their products as substitutes for similar
imported products if such goods have been included in the Central
Government's annual import plans and are available for substitution with
home-made similar products. Once the applications are approved, the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall handle the
procedures for substituting home-made product for similar imported
products for the current year;
(3) with respect to those commodities which have not been included in the
Central Government's long-term, medium-term and annual import plans, if
they are to be imported by the local governments in the current year, the
enterprises may make an application to the local planning commission; upon
approval, the local department of foreign economic relations and trade
shall handle the procedures for using their products as substitutes for
similar imported products.
Article 7
Import substitution to be effected in the items below the norm to be
examined and approved by the local competent authorities (or departments):
(1) of the commodities which have already been included in the long-term,
medium-term and annual import plans of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government, if there are some
available for being replaced by home-made products, they may, within the
period for executing the locality's import plan, be approved in advance by
the planning commission of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government with reference to the
examining and approving procedures adopted by the central competent
authorities, and the aforesaid planning commission shall also handle,
within the aforesaid period, the procedures for using the home-made
products mentioned above as substitutes for similar imported commodities;
(2) with respect to those commodities which have not been included in the
localities' long-term, medium-term and annual import plans, but they are
to be imported by the local area or by some other areas, a transregional
operation may be conducted for using home-made products as substitutes for
similar imported commodities. The enterprises may make an application
directly to the planning commission of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government that undertakes the
import of the aforesaid commodities; after they have obtained the
approval, the department of foreign economic relations and trade of the
aforesaid province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the
Central Government shall handle the procedures for using their products as
substitutes for similar imported commodities:
(3) with respect to the commodities to be imported by some departments
with the foreign exchange in their possession, the enterprises may make an
application directly to these departments; after they have obtained the
consent of the departments, they shall go through the procedures for using
their own products as substitutes for similar commodities to be imported.
Article 8
With respect to the aforesaid products which are to be used as substitutes
for similar imported commodities as examined and approved by the planning
commission of the central competent authorities or of the local competent
authorities (or by local departments), if these products belong to the lot
of products which are to be approved in advance within the long-and
medium-term plans, they shall be further verified and confirmed in the
annual plan in accordance with the actual situation of the execution of
the import plan in the current year.
The products which have been approved as substitutes for similar imported
products shall, under equal conditions (with similar imported
commodities), be given priority of being selected for use by domestic
users.
The competent departments for imports administration and the examining and
approving departments for imports at various levels shall guide and
encourage domestic users to give priority to the purchase of the products
which are manufactured by the joint ventures and contractual ventures and
are in conformity with the conditions of products used as substitutes for
similar imported products.
Article 9
When domestic users purchase products which have been approved as
substitutes for similar imported products, the payment for such products
shall be made wholly or partially in foreign exchange to the joint
ventures and contractual ventures in accordance with the terms agreed upon
by both parties and subject to the approval of the State administrative
department of foreign exchange control.
Article 10
With respect to machinery and electrical products used as substitutes for
similar imported products, the State Economic Commission shall formulate
and publish a catalogue of products used as substitutes for similar
imported products and also the procedures for the administration of
substitution of home-made products for similar imported goods, thereby
directing the domestic users to give priority to the purchase of the
products included in the aforesaid catalogue.
The joint ventures and contractual ventures which manufacture the products
included in the aforesaid catalogue may participate in the open tender for
imported machinery and electrical equipment conducted by the China Bidding
Center for Machinery and Electrical Equipment (or by other bidding
agencies authorized by the State Economic Commission); the Center shall
issue a certificate to the enterprise which has won the tender, thereby
realizing the substitution of home-made products for similar imported
goods.
Article 11
The joint ventures and contractual ventures shall, in accordance with the
provisions of Article 4 of the Measures of the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade Concerning the Application by Enterprises
with Foreign Investment for the Export Licence, go through the procedures
for the importation of raw materials and component parts needed in the
manufacture of products used as substitutes for similar imported goods;
when the aforesaid products are supplied to domestic users, the
transaction shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of Article
5 of the Measures of the General Customs Administration of the People's
Republic of China Concerning the Importation of Raw Materials and
Component Parts Needed by Enterprises with Foreign Investment to Execute
Their Products Export Contracts.
Article 12
The joint ventures and contractual ventures which have obtained the
approval to use their products as substitutes for similar imported goods
must fulfil the following requirements:
(1) strictly fulfil the requirements for the export proportion stipulated
in the contract and the rate of progress for the replacement of imported
products with home-made ones;
(2) strive to maintain the advanced level of the technical performance and
quality of their products;
(3) deliver their products in accordance with the quantity and schedule
stipulated in the contract; in the event that the users suffer economic
losses caused by problems relating to the time of delivery, the quantity
of products delivered, and the quality of products, they shall bear the
corresponding economic liabilities;
(4) provide high-quality service to the users.
Article 13
Once the products manufactured by the joint ventures and contractual
ventures have been approved as substitutes for similar imported goods,
they shall not be included again in the State plan for the distribution of
goods and materials produced domestically.
Article 14
The right to interpret these Measures shall reside in the State Planning
Commission.
Article 15
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Appendix: Catalogue of commodities which can be replaced by home-made
products as included in the central government's import plan to be
executed during the "Seventh Five-Year Plan":
(1) steel products (2) pig iron
(3) timber (4) copper
(5) aluminium (6) zinc
(7) rubber (8) chemical fertilizers
(9) wood pulp (10) poly acrylonitrile fibre
(11)polyamide fibre (12) artificial silk
